EXPOSING THE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN PLANNED PARENTHOOD, THE NATIONAL ABORTION FEDERATION AND MEN WHO SEXUALLY ABUSE UNDERAGE GIRLS

INTRODUCTION

For several years Life Dynamics has been conducting an investigation into the issue of teen pregnancy. What we have found can only be described as sickening. Underage girls, some as young as 10 years old, are being sexually exploited by adult men in numbers that are unprecedented in American history.1




According to the most reliable studies, among girls 15 and younger who become pregnant, between 60 and 80 percent of them are impregnated by adult men.2
We have also uncovered data showing that as the age of the victim goes down, the age of the perpetrator goes up.3


In America today, we have reached the point where a junior high school girl is more likely to become pregnant by an adult than by someone close to her own age.4
One study concluded that the average age of men who father children with girls under 14 is now higher than the average age of men who father children with 18-year-olds.5
By almost any standard, our country is experiencing an epidemic of child sexual abuse.6 In this report you will see that the driving force behind this tragedy is the fact that men who prey on underage girls have powerful national organizations that are willing to harbor them. Our investigation has uncovered irrefutable evidence that both Planned Parenthood and the National Abortion Federation – often operating on taxpayer dollars – knowingly conceal these crimes while aiding and abetting the sexual predators who commit them.

CONSEQUENCES & CAUSES

When underage girls become sexually involved with adult men they are exposed to a devastating array of physical and emotional injuries. These illicit relationships set them up to be life-long victims who tend to view their self-worth solely in terms of sex.7
When compared to girls who are sexually active with boys near their own age, these girls are more likely to:

• have multiple sex partners8
• drop out of school9
• engage in dangerous sexual behaviors10
• become pregnant11
• run away from home
• be lured into prostitution12
• abuse drugs or alcohol13
• end up on welfare14
• be estranged from friends and family15
• be in physically abusive relationships16
• become divorced17

Other data shows that among sexually active girls between 11 and 13, those who are having sexual relationships with men more than five years older than themselves are significantly more likely to attempt suicide.18
Another consequence is that underage girls involved with adult men suffer from sexually transmitted diseases at a far higher rate than girls having sex with boys close to their own age. In fact, studies now show that the highest rate of sexually transmitted diseases in America is found among females ages 15 to 19, and that the overwhelming majority of these girls contracted these diseases from adult males.19
This epidemic of child sexual abuse is being driven by several factors, one of which is technology. The image most people have of men who prey on underage girls is that of a pervert in a trench coat lurking around a school playground. The reality is, today that pervert is far more likely to be lurking around an Internet chat room. For men who prey on young girls, technology is making it much easier for them to acquire victims, while dramatically reducing the chances they will be caught.20
Police departments nationwide are now saying that child molesters trolling the Internet for underage girls is a major problem, and they don’t have the budgets or manpower to keep up.21
Another factor in this epidemic is that young girls simply have more contact with unrelated adult males than ever before. Because of America’s high divorce rate, a large number of minor girls live in homes with either stepfathers or the boyfriends of their mothers. This is compounded by the fact that the majority of these moms work outside the home meaning that their daughters have substantially more unsupervised time than did girls in previous generations.22

Absent fathers also play another important role. When a sexual predator targets a girl with no father at home, he knows two things. First, he can count on his victim having a heightened need for adult male attention. Second, the one person the perpetrator has the most reason to fear – the victim’s father – is generally not in the picture.23
Even girls who live in intact families with their biological fathers or in homes with caring and involved stepfathers are not immune from becoming the targets of sexual predators.24
Children are much more involved in activities outside their homes and schools than ever before, and our research indicates that girls who are sexually exploited by adult men very often meet their abuser as a result of one of these activities.25
There are many other factors that contribute to this epidemic, but the basic problem is that we live in a sex-obsessed culture in which girls are more vulnerable to sexual predators than at any time in our nation’s history. Any parent who thinks their daughter is not a potential victim is fooling themselves. The data is absolutely clear that victims are black and white, rich and poor, urban, rural and suburban and that they come from every cultural and socio-economic background.

THE CRIME

In all 50 states, sexual activity with underage children is illegal. Also, every state mandates that if a healthcare worker has reason to suspect that an underage girl is being sexually abused, they are required by law to report that information to a designated law enforcement or child protective services agency. That agency is then responsible to investigate the possibility that the child may be the victim of sexual abuse or statutory rape.


Because the pregnancy of an underage girl is evidence that she is the victim of sexual abuse, any healthcare worker who has contact with a pregnant underage girl has an obligation to initiate a report to the state.


The important point here is that the healthcare worker is required to report the incident, not investigate it. The responsibility of determining whether or not the circumstances that led to this girl’s pregnancy are criminal lies solely with the state agency to which the report is mandated.


Additionally, the fact that a minor girl may be lawfully allowed to have an abortion or secure birth control without her parents being informed is irrelevant. The law still mandates reporting of the sexual activity to the state.

THE PROOF

With the information we now have, it is simply undeniable that Planned Parenthood and the National Abortion Federation have made a conscious decision to conceal the sexual exploitation of children and protect the men who commit these crimes.
We have uncovered an overwhelming body of statistical evidence showing that the rate at which these two organizations fail to comply with mandatory reporting laws is in excess of 90 percent. This data was obtained from government sources, medical journals, independent researchers and the abortion industry itself.26


To test this conclusion we conducted a covert survey in which we called over 800 Planned Parenthood and National Abortion Federation facilities across the country. Our caller portrayed a 13-year-old girl who was pregnant by her 22-year-old boyfriend. Her story was that she wanted an abortion because she and her boyfriend did not want her parents to find out about the sexual relationship. In every call the ages of the girl and her boyfriend were made perfectly clear. It was also made clear that the motivation for the abortion was to conceal this illicit sexual activity from the girl’s parents and the authorities. Additionally, our caller never said a single thing that might suggest that her parents would become abusive if they discovered her sexual activity.


The results of this survey were appalling. Even though many of these clinic workers openly acknowledged to our caller that this situation was illegal and that they were required to report it to the state, the overwhelming majority readily agreed to conceal this illegal sexual activity.


Some employees of these organizations even coached our caller on how to avoid detection, how to circumvent parental involvement laws and what to say or not say when she came to the clinic. In a significant number of instances she was encouraged to lie about – or conceal – her age or her boyfriend’s age or to give false names.
One of the clinic representatives who acknowledged that she was required by state law to inform at least one of our caller’s parents in writing that their daughter was seeking an abortion, went on to advise our caller that the best way to hide this from her parents was to use a fictitious address when she checked-in for her abortion.


During these calls it was not uncommon for the Planned Parenthood or National Abortion Federation representative to warn our caller that if someone were to find out about this situation her boyfriend could go to jail. In those situations it was unmistakable that our caller was being instructed to be more careful about what information she gave out and to whom. It was also not uncommon for the employee to interrupt our caller when she started talking about her age or the age of her boyfriend. On those occasions the obvious indication was that the employee did not want to hear this information.


In other calls the facility employee advised our caller that she had already provided too much information for them to be able to help her. In those instances she would often be given the number of another family planning facility and encouraged to tell a different story when she called there. At times, this advice was quite specific with the employee telling her exactly what to say – or not say – to the people she talked to at the second facility.


In states requiring that parents be informed when their underage daughters seek abortions, the law allows those girls to have abortions without their parents being notified if they get permission from a state judge. This is called a judicial bypass. During our calls to states with parental involvement legislation in place our caller was often informed about this option while also being instructed not to voluntarily tell the judge about the age of her boyfriend. In some instances these employees even encouraged her to lie to the judge if specifically asked for that information. Other employees advised her that neighboring states have no parental involvement requirements and that if she went there and either concealed or lied about the age issue, she would have no problem getting a secret abortion. In other words, these people were suggesting to a minor girl that she travel outside the state in order to cover up a crime that was being committed against her.


In some calls she was given instructions on how to circumvent the parental involvement requirement altogether, even to the point of suggesting that she bring someone along to sign for her who looked old enough to impersonate one of her parents. In one particularly egregious case, the clinic worker lamented the fact that because our caller’s boyfriend was only 22 he wouldn’t look old enough to pass as her father. She went on to suggest that our caller look for an older person to help her out. When our caller said her boyfriend had a 50-year-old uncle who would do it, the employee said that would be okay as long as the uncle was instructed to not say anything while at the clinic to indicate he was not really her father. The employee stated that the uncle could even drop by, sign the papers, and leave before she actually came in for the abortion, and that the clinic’s notary public would notarize the uncle’s signature for the state’s required documentation – despite knowing that it was a fraudulent representation.


In a number of cases the employee would not react at all to the age issue, causing us to question whether it had registered with them or not. At that point our caller would simply ask outright if her age or her boyfriend’s age was a problem. Generally what she got was a very cavalier “wink and nod” type of response.


Sometimes she would be told that, technically speaking, the clinic was required to report this activity to the state but that if the caller would either lie about her age or just keep her mouth shut when she came in for her abortion, no one would ask any questions. Several times she was told that the facility had no interest in the ages of the parties involved or that they do not verify ages or check IDs and would accept whatever she told them at face value. One employee went so far as to tell her that if she came in with the cash she could be any age she wanted to be.


Unfortunately, during these calls, responses like those described here were neither rare nor isolated. In the final analysis, virtually every Planned Parenthood and National Abortion Federation facility we contacted was willing to illegally conceal the sexual abuse of this 13-year-old girl.


In every case, the clinic representative had never met this child, knew virtually nothing about her, had only engaged in a very brief telephone conversation with her, and was told nothing to indicate that her parents would be abusive if they discovered the sexual relationship. Nevertheless, they were willing – and in many cases eager – to help this child hide from her parents and the authorities the fact that she was being sexually exploited. Toward that end they provided step-by-step instructions on how to circumvent state laws that were enacted specifically for the purpose of protecting children exactly like her in situations just like this.


Perhaps even more disturbing is that we identified a willingness by abortion industry employees to facilitate ongoing criminal behavior. At some point, our caller would raise the possibility that she might not be pregnant and asked whether the clinic would help her get birth control. Over 90 percent – a number identical to our statistical findings mentioned earlier – agreed to supply her with birth control and thereby help her conceal this illegal relationship. This offer was made even by people who had earlier in the call correctly identified this situation as sexual abuse or statutory rape.
In many of these instances, they told our caller that her adult boyfriend could come with her to pick up the birth control, and some even offered to let him pick it up without her.


In other words, even though they had evidence that a sexual crime was being committed against a 13-year-old child, they were not only willing to conspire with the perpetrator to cover it up but they offered to provide him the means by which he could continue the abuse.


When we had completed our phone survey, one of the most alarming observations we made was about the manner in which they handled these calls. From start to finish, the attitudes of the employees we talked to made it brutally obvious that this is an issue they deal with routinely. In fact, several of them even volunteered that they get calls like this all the time.


To fully appreciate the gravity of this, imagine that employees of a convenience store were caught giving minors advice on how to circumvent laws designed to keep them from buying alcohol or tobacco, or a gun dealer was found to be teaching minors how to purchase handguns. These are perfect analogies to how Planned Parenthood and the National Abortion Federation are treating sexually exploited underage girls.


In addition to this phone survey and the statistical data mentioned earlier, we have gathered an incredibly large amount of material directly from the abortion industry confirming that they are fully aware of the laws which require them to report these instances to the state.27


In addition, we have admissions by them – in their own materials – that they have rarely complied with these laws in the past and have no intention of complying with them in the future.28


Beyond that, we have also obtained materials recommended by these organizations or furnished at their conferences, which encourage clinic staff to either circumvent or ignore state reporting requirements.29


Additionally, some Planned Parenthood and National Abortion Federation facilities actually maintain web sites and produce advertising materials telling minor girls that their sexual activity can be covered up by patronizing one of their family planning clinics.30


Earlier in this report we listed a few of the factors driving the epidemic of adult men sexually exploiting underage girls, but what our investigation has shown is that the single most important factor is the willingness of Planned Parenthood and the National Abortion Federation to conceal these crimes.


Among law enforcement and others who are knowledgeable about this issue, it is well established that once someone starts preying on young girls for sexual purposes they almost never stop on their own.31


In effect, what the abortion industry does is make certain that no one else stops them either. In practical terms, the American abortion industry has chosen to become paid accomplices of the pedophiles and sexual deviants who target underage girls.

REDRESS

As tragic as this situation is, the pro-life movement has an opportunity, and perhaps even a responsibility, to step in and do something about it. In the area of legislation, one possibility is that we may be able to stop these organizations from receiving state and federal funding. Recipients of these funds are required to see that the money is used in accordance with all state and federal laws. The fact that these family planning facilities are in clear violation of child abuse or statutory rape reporting requirements creates an environment for us to demand that their funding be immediately cut off.
Given their heavy reliance on state and federal tax dollars, losing that money would be nothing less than a financial catastrophe for these organizations.32


Better yet, their failure to adhere to state and federal law means that funds allocated in past years were obtained fraudulently. Because of that, we may be able to force a return of those funds. Needless to say that could literally cripple the entire abortion industry.
As for litigation, the possibilities are nothing less than staggering. To capitalize on this, Life Dynamics is developing several exciting new litigation strategies and support services to be used by attorneys who represent the girls and parents victimized by these two organizations. Interestingly, a perfect model for one of our litigation strategies is being created at this very moment.


We are all aware of the firestorm currently swirling around the Catholic Church regarding the issue of pedophile priests. Already, dioceses have either settled or lost lawsuits totaling hundreds of millions of dollars, and some have been forced to close schools and sell property to pay off these awards. If you look at these suits, what you find is that these Catholic dioceses are not being sued because their priests molested children. They are being sued for negligence because they allegedly knew about the sexual abuse of children and failed to report it to the authorities. These suits contend that by protecting pedophile priests and concealing their behavior, these dioceses were in effect guaranteeing that there would be additional victims in the future.


Obviously, any organization or any individual that harbors pedophiles and conceals the sexual abuse of children deserves to be prosecuted. But right now that is not what is happening. Instead, Planned Parenthood and the National Abortion Federation are being given hundreds of millions in tax dollars while doing exactly the same things for which huge awards are being levied against Catholic dioceses.33


For the pro-life movement, our duty is to go into the civil court system and see that the legal standard currently being rigorously and justifiably enforced against the Catholic Church is also enforced against Planned Parenthood and the National Abortion Federation. If we are successful at that, there are several reasons why it could toss these organizations into a financial tailspin from which they would never recover.
First, the number of potential plaintiffs is immense. By their own admissions, Planned Parenthood and the National Abortion Federation have had contact with millions of sexually active underage girls every year for almost three decades. That fact alone could easily spawn an unimaginable number of individual suits or one of the largest class-action suits in American history.


Additionally, every time another underage girl is given an abortion or birth control without a report being made to the state, both she and her parents become potential plaintiffs in a lawsuit. As we can prove, the abortion industry’s own data shows that this is happening several thousand times a day, and those figures are backed up by government documentation.


To fully understand the incredible potential represented by these numbers, consider the fact that the Catholic Church is currently being financially decimated by these kinds of suits and no one is claiming that they have created anywhere near as many victims.
Another consideration is that, so far, most of the allegations being brought against priests are for conduct that occurred many years ago. But the charges we are making against the abortion industry are for conduct that is still occurring thousands of times every day and in every state of the union. Also, while the vast majority of the complaints against priests have little or nothing in the way of evidence, the documented evidence we have against Planned Parenthood and the National Abortion Federation is overwhelming, current, and fully verified.


On the civil litigation front, there is also another factor we should not overlook. To put it bluntly, these organizations have the kind of money, insurance, and assets that are certain to make them very attractive to America’s personal injury trial lawyers.


At Life Dynamics, we also think there are other ways American courtrooms can be brought into this battle. For example, we intend to alert attorneys general and district attorneys across the country about the criminal activity of Planned Parenthood and the National Abortion Federation.


We will ask them to conduct their own investigations with an eye toward criminal prosecution, by pointing out that providing clandestine birth control may place
someone in more legal jeopardy than providing clandestine abortions. Failing to report an abortion may suggest that they are only guilty of concealing a crime that has already been committed. But providing birth control to a child without reporting might be interpreted as participating in an ongoing or future crime.


If that is so, the issue is no longer simply a failure to report child sexual abuse or statutory rape, but actual complicity in child sexual abuse or statutory rape. That could be viewed as a felony rather than a misdemeanor.


From a public relations standpoint, this issue provides a platform for the pro-life movement to show the American people exactly what the abortion industry is really about.


To capitalize on that opportunity, Life Dynamics is launching a nationwide public education campaign. The public has a right to know exactly how vicious and how cynical Planned Parenthood and the National Abortion Federation are when it comes to protecting their financial and political agendas. The fact is that the abortion industry sees the harboring of sexual predators and the destruction of their underage victims as nothing more than the cost of doing business, and we intend to bring that reality into the light of day.


A second goal of our public education campaign is to educate children and parents who may have been victimized by these organizations about their litigation opportunities. The ChildPredators.com web site was specifically designed with that purpose in mind. It is also a venue for employees and former employees of family planning facilities to come forward. We think there is a strong possibility that many of these people have either participated in or witnessed these crimes – some without even realizing it at the time.
Another educational opportunity relates to the nation’s 16,000 school districts. It is well known that many of them allow Planned Parenthood and similar organizations to come on campus and teach sex ed or provide counseling. In addition, many school districts refer their students to these types of family planning organizations.


We have already completed a nationwide direct mail campaign to inform every one of these school districts about the legal exposure they have created for themselves by associating with these organizations. They need to know that should the organization in question provide services to an underage student without reporting to the state, the school district could be brought into any subsequent litigation.


In the second phase of this campaign we sent a certified letter to every school district in America alerting them to the fact that they should examine their legal liability for failing to report abuse, as an entity which comes in contact with underage children. Hopefully, this will cause their attorneys to advise them to take a second look at their sex education, abortion referral, birth control and condom distribution policies.
In addition, we are setting up a nationwide program to make sure that grassroots activists in every school district are able to make sure that the actions of their local school district do not result in lawsuits being filed by the child victims of unreported abuse or their parents

THE BOTTOM LINE

This document reveals only a fraction of the evidence we have uncovered so far and every day we are finding new data – including some which indicates that this problem is getting worse. In time we will release this information to the public along with additional data from our undercover investigation.


What is already clear is that this is a tragedy of enormous proportions. When young girls are sexually abused like this, they lose their innocence, their childhood, their dignity, and sometimes even their lives.


While it seems almost unthinkable that anything positive can come from this, we have an opportunity to see that it does. At the very moment Planned Parenthood and the National Abortion Federation chose to participate in these crimes, they sowed the seeds of their own destruction. Today, the challenge facing the pro-life movement is to make certain that those seeds bear fruit. And Life Dynamics is committed to leading that charge.

Footnotes For The Special Report On Child Predators

• [1] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Zavodny, Madeline, “The Effect of Partners’ Characteristics on Teenage Pregnancy and Its Resolution,” Family Planning Perspectives, 2001, 33(5):192.
• Musick, Judith. Young, Poor, and Pregnant. Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, 1993. pp. 35, 44
• Tepfer, Daniel, “Man, 75, noted for focus on little girls,” [online] http://www.connpost.com, April 19, 2002.
• Greenberg, Ted, “Connecticut Abortion Clinics Look The Other Way,” Fox TV-61 News, Hartford, CT, May 23, 2002.
• Pipher, Mary, Ph.D. Reviving Ophelia. Ballantine Books: New York, 1994. p.70.
• State of California, “Statutory Rape Vertical Prosecution – Fourth Year Report,” January 2000.
• “Houston Rapper Convicted of Sexually Assaulting Girl,” http://www.NBCi5.com, May 18, 2002.
• “House Passes Bill Protecting Parental Notification and Consent Laws,” Spencer Bachus Press Release, June 30, 1999.
• Kirby D., “Understanding What Works and What Doesn’t In Reducing Adolescent Sexual Risk-Taking,” Family Planning Perspectives, 2001, 33(6):276-281.

• [2] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Ponton, Lynn, MD. The Sex Lives of Teenagers: Revealing the Secret World of Adolescent Boys and Girls. New York: Plume, 2000. p. 214.
• Zavodny, Madeline, “The Effect of Partners’ Characteristics on Teenage Pregnancy and Its Resolution,” Family Planning Perspectives, 2001, 33(5):192.
• “Fact Sheet: Pregnancy & Childbearing Among U.S. Teens,” [online] Planned Parenthood Federation of America, http://www.plannedparenthood.org.
• Darroch, Jacqueline E., Landry, David J., Oslak, Selene, “Pregnancy Rates Among U.S. Women and Their Partners in 1994,” Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 31(3):122-126, 136.
• Abma, Joyce, Driscoll, Anne, Moore, Kristin, “Young Women’s Degree of Control over First Intercourse: An Exploratory Analysis,” Family Planning Perspectives, 1998, 30(1):12-18.
• Briggs, Bill, “Anyone listening? Concerned students examine teen pregnancy, The Denver Post, February 22, 1998, 2D Edition, F-1 and Briggs, Bill “Robbing the Cradle: The truth about teen pregnancies,” The Denver Post, February 26, 1996, 2D Edition, E-1.
• Nevada State Welfare Division, “Enforcing Statutory Rape Law in Nevada: Lesson Book,” Distance Education Option and Grimes, Shaunta, “Teen pregnancy rate drops but Nevada still leading nation,” Las Vegas Sun, December 10, 1999, http://www.lasvegassun.com.
• O’Connell, Loraine, “Let’s Welcome Back the Concept of Jailbait,” Orlando Sentinel, February 23, 1996, E1.
• (These studies dealt with birth certificates)
• Males, Mike and Chew, Kenneth, “The Ages of Fathers in California Adolescent Births, 1993,” American Journal of Public Health, 1996, 86(4):565-568.
• Landry, David J., Forrest, Jacqueline Darroch, “How Old Are U.S. Fathers?,” Family Planning Perspectives, 1995, 27(4):159-161, 165.
• Moore, Kristin, Miller, Brent, Sugland, Barbara, Morrison, Donna Ruane, Glei, Dana A., Blumenthal, Connie, “Beginning Too Soon: Adolescent Sexual Behavior, Pregnancy and Parenthood: A Review of Research and Interventions,” http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov/hsp/cyp/xsteesex.htm.
• Sonenstein, Stewart, Lindberg, Pernas, Williams, “Involving Males in Preventing Teen Pregnancy: A Guide for Program Planners,” Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 1997, http://www.urban.org. p. 19
• Sylvester, “Teenage Pregnancy: A Preventable Calamity,” Progressive Policy Institute, January 23, 1995, http://www.pponline.org
• Smith, Peggy, Ph.D., Mumford, David, MD, Foreman, Sandra, JD, “Legal issues associated with sexual activity between adults and minors in Texas: A review,” Texas Medicine, 1999, 95(7):65-69.

• [3] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Males M, Chew K, “The Ages of Fathers in California Adolescent Births, 1993,” American Journal of Public Health, 1996, 86(4):565-568
• Males, “Adult involvement in teenage childbearing and STD,” The Lancet, 1995, 346:64-65.
• Montfort, Sue, Brick, Peggy. Unequal Partners, Second Edition. The Center for Family Life Education, Planned Parenthood of Greater northern New Jersey, Inc.: Morristown, NJ, 2000.

• [4] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Males, Mike, “School-age Pregnancy: Why Hasn’t Prevention Worked?,” Journal of School Health, 1993, 63(10):429-432.

• [5] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Males, Mike, “Adult Liaison in the ‘Epidemic’ of ‘Teenage’ Birth, Pregnancy, and Venereal Disease,” The Journal of Sex Research, 1992, 29(4):525-545.
• National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle V, 1995, National Center for Health Statistics.
• State of California, “Statutory Rape Vertical Prosecution – Fourth Year Report,” January 2000.

• [6] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Criner, Lawrence, “The human ruins of Title X,” Washington Times, July 8, 1997, A17.
• Briggs, Bill “Robbing the Cradle: The truth about teen pregnancies,” The Denver Post, February 26, 1996, 2D Edition, E-1.

• [7] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Browning CR and Laumann EO, “Sexual contact between children and adults: a life course perspective.” American Sociological Review 1997, 62(4):540-560.
• Butler JR, Burton LM, “Rethinking Teenage childbearing: Is sexual abuse a missing link,” Family Relations 1990, 39:73.
• Fromuth ME. “The relationship of childhood sexual abuse with later psychological and sexual adjustment in a sample of college women.” Child Abuse and Neglect, 1986, 10(1):5-15.
• Lodico M, Gruber E, DiClemente R, “Childhood sexual abuse and coercive sex among school-based adolescents in a Midwestern state.” Journal of Adolescent Health, 1996, 18:211-217.

• [8] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Boyer D. and D. Fine “Sexual Abuse as a Factor in Adolescent Pregnancy and Child Maltreatment.” Family Planning Perspectives 1992, 24:4-11
• Lamb ME, Elster AB and Travere J, “Behavioral Profiles of Adolescent Mothers and Partners with Varying Intracouple age differences.” Journal of Adolescent Research, 1986, 1:399-408.
• Luster T, Small S, “Sexual Abuse History and Number of Sex Partners among Female Adolescents.” Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29:204-211.
• Browning CR and Laumann EO, “Sexual contact between children and adults: a life course perspective.” American Sociological Review 1997, 62(4):540-560.
• Nagy S, DiClemente R, Adcock A, “Adverse Factors Associated with Forced Sex Among Southern Adolescent Girls.” Pediatrics, 1995, 96(5):944-946.

• [9] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Lamb ME, Elster AB and Travere J, “Behavioral Profiles of Adolescent Mothers and Partners with Varying Intracouple age differences.” Journal of Adolescent Research, 1986, 1:399-408.
• Planned Parenthood Federation of America [online] – www.plannedparenthood.org/library/TEEN-PREGNANCY/reducing.html, 1/23/02 “Plannedparenthooddotorg: Fact Sheet: Reducing teen pregnancy,” p. 1 of 10.
• Planned Parenthood Federation of America [online] – www.plannedparenthood.org/library/TEEN-PREGNANCY/teenpreg_fact.html 1/23/02 “Plannedparenthooddot: Fact Sheet: Pregnancy & Childbearing,” pp. 1&2 of 5.
• Hollander D, “Risks and Disadvantages are Raised for Teenage Mothers with Older Partners.” Family Planning Perspectives, 2001, 33(6):285-286.
• Hollander D, “Young Mothers’ Disadvantage, Not Their age itself, Accounts for Their Children’s Educational Problems.” Family Planning Perspectives, 2001, 33(6):282-283.
• Kaplan, Elaine Bell. Not Our Kind of Girl: Unraveling the Myths of Black Teenage Motherhood. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1997.
• Laird, J and Hartman A, eds. A Handbook of Child Welfare: Context Knowledge and Practice, New York: The Free Press, 1985., p. 547-549.
• Briggs, Bill “Robbing the Cradle: The truth about Teen pregnancy,” The Denver Post, Feb. 26, 1996 Monday, 2nd edition, E-1.
• National Research Council Panel on Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing, Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy and Childbearing, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1987. pp. 126-128, 217-219.
• Meckler, Laura “Teenage girls having sex with more boys than men,” Associated Press, August 13, 1999.

• [10] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Boyer D. and D. Fine “Sexual Abuse as a Factor in Adolescent Pregnancy and Child Maltreatment.” Family Planning Perspectives 1992; 24:4-11.
• Singh S, Darroch JE, “Trends in Sexual Activity Among Adolescent Women: 1982-95,” Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 31(5):212-219.
• Finkelhor, D Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research, New York: The Free Press, 1984. pp. 191-196.

• [11] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Miller K, L Clark, and J Moore. “Sexual Initiation with Older Male Partners and Subsequent HIV Risk Behavior Among Female Adolescents.” Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29:212-214.
• Males M, “School-age Pregnancy: Why hasn’t prevention worked?” Journal of School Health, 1993, 63(10):429-432.
• Boyer D, Fine D, “Sexual Abuse as a Factor in Adolescent Pregnancy and Child Maltreatment,” Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24:4-11.
• Briggs, Bill “Robbing the Cradle: The truth about Teen pregnancy,” The Denver Post, Feb. 26, 1996 Monday, 2nd edition.
• Jennings, Diane “Tackling Teen Pregnancy: High Birth Rate in Texas Sparks Community Programs that Stress Abstinence,” Dallas Morning News, February 2, 1997. p. 1-A
• National Research Council Panel on Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing, Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy and Childbearing, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1987.
• Taylor D, Chavez G, Chabra A, and Boggess J., “Risk Factors for Adult Paternity in Births to Adolescents,” Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1997, 89(2):199-205.
• Hsu G. “Statutory Rape: The dirty secret behind teen sex numbers,” Family Policy, 1996.

• [12] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators (Running Away and Teen Prostitution are usually dealt with as a single issue)
• Flowers, R. Barri Runaway Kids and Teenage Prostitution, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001. see Ch. 13.
• Planned Parenthood of Greater Miami Valley “sexual abuse resource center.” [online] www.ppgmv.org/sarc/parents.html
• Finkelhor D, Araji S, Baron L, Browne A, Doyle-Peters S, Wyatt GE A Source Book on Childhood Sexuality, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1986.
• Roosa MW, et al., “The relationship of childhood sexual abuse to teenage pregnancy,” Journal of Marriage and Family ‘97;59(1):119-130.
• Guidry MH, “Childhood Sexual Abuse: Role of the Family Physician,” American Family Physician, 1995, 51(2):407-414.
• Kaplan, Elaine Bell. Not Our Kind of Girl: Unraveling the Myths of Black Teenage Motherhood. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1997 p. 130.

• [13] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Leitenberg H, Saltzman H, “A Statewide Survey of Age at First Intercourse for Adolescent Females and Age of their Male Partners: Relation to Other Risk Behaviors and Statutory Rape Implications,” Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2000, 29(3):203-212.
• Vener AM, Stewart CS, “Sexual Behavior in Middle America Revisited: 1970-1973,” Journal of Marriage and Family, 1974, 36:728-735.
• Brown LK, DiClemente RJ, and Beausoliel NI, “Comparison of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Related Knowledge, Attitudes, Intentions, and Behaviors among Sexually Active Abstinent Young Adolescents,” J of Adolescent Health, 1992, 13: 140.
• Boyer D, Fine D, “Sexual Abuse as a Factor in Adolescent Pregnancy and Child Maltreatment,” Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24:4-11.
• Luster T, Small S, “Sexual Abuse History and Problems in Adolescence: Exploring the Effects of Moderating Variables,” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1997, 59:131-142.
• Guidry M, “Childhood Sexual Abuse: The Role of the Family Physician,” American Family Physician, 1995, 51(2)407-414.
• Roosa MW, et al., “The Relationship of Childhood Sexual Abuse to Teenage Pregnancy,” Journal of Marriage and Family, 1997, 59(1):119-130.
• Nagy S, DiClemente R, Adcock A, “Adverse Factors Associated with Forced Sex Among Southern Adolescent Girls,” Pediatrics, 1995, 96(5):944-946.
• Flowers, R. Barri Runaway Kids and Teenage Prostitution, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001. p. 112.

• [14] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Kaplan, Elaine Bell. Not Our Kind of Girl: Unraveling the Myths of Black Teenage Motherhood. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1997.
• Laird, J and Hartman A, eds. A Handbook of Child Welfare: Context Knowledge and Practice, New York: The Free Press, 1985., p. 547-549.
• Planned Parenthood [online] – www.plannedparenthood.org/library/TEEN-PREGNANCY/reducing.html 1/23/02] “Plannedparenthooddotorg: Fact Sheet: Reducing teen pregnancy,”
• Planned Parenthood [online]- www.plannedparenthood.org/library/TEEN-PREGNANCY/teenpreg_fact.html 1/23/02 “Plannedparenthooddot: Fact Sheet: Pregnancy & Childbearing,” pp. 1&2 of 5.
• Sylvester K, “Teen Pregnancy: A Preventable Calamity” PPI Policy Report, Progressive Policy Institute, November, 1994. www.ppionline.org.
• National Research Council Panel on Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing, Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy and Childbearing, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1987. pp. 130-133.

• [15] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Kaplan, Elaine Bell. Not Our Kind of Girl: Unraveling the Myths of Black Teenage Motherhood. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1997. p. 55.
• Lamb ME, Elster AB and Travere J, “Behavioral Profiles of Adolescent Mothers and Partners with Varying Intracouple age differences.” Journal of Adolescent Research, 1986, 1:399-408.
• Agurcia CA, et al., “The Behavioral Risks and Life Circumstances of Adolescent Mothers involved with Older Adult Partners,” Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 2001, 155(7):822-830.
• Pipher, Mary “Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls,” New York: Random House, 1994. p. 24
• Finkelhor, D Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research, New York: Free Press, 1984. Ch. 6 – “Initial and Long-term Effects: A conceptual Framework,” pp. 180-198.

• [16] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Browning CR and Laumann EO, “Sexual contact between children and adults: a life course perspective.” American Sociological Review 1997, 62(4):540-560.
• Musick, Judith Young, Poor and Pregnant: The Psychology of Teenage Motherhood, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.

• [17] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Elliott DM, Briere J, “Sexual Abuse Trauma Among Professional Women: Validating the Trauma Symptom Checklist,” Child Abuse and Neglect, 1992, 16:391-398.
• Hsu G. “Statutory Rape: The dirty secret behind teen sex numbers,” Family Policy, 1996.

• [18] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Leitenberg H, Saltzman H, “A Statewide Survey of Age at First Intercourse for Adolescent Females and Age of their Male Partners: Relation to Other Risk Behaviors and Statutory Rape Implications,” Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2000, 29(3):203-212.
• Luster T, Small S, “Sexual Abuse History and Problems in Adolescence: Exploring the Effects of Moderating Variables,” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1997, 59:131-142.
• Nagy S, Adcock AG, Magy MC., “A Comparison of Risky Health behaviors of Sexually Active, Sexually Abused and Abstaining Adolescents.” Pediatrics 1994;93:570-5.

• [19] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Male M, “School-age Pregnancy: Why hasn’t prevention worked?” Journal of School Health, 1993 63(10):429-432
• Browning CR and Laumann EO, “Sexual contact between children and adults: a life course perspective.” American Sociological Review 1997, 62(4):540-560.
• Miller K, L Clark, and J Moore. “Sexual Initiation with Older Male Partners and Subsequent HIV Risk Behavior Among Female Adolescents.” Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29:212-214.
• (Several studies indicate physiological reasons that adolescent females may be more at risk for acquiring STDs than adult women.)
• Westrom L, Mardh PA, “Acute Salpingitis. Aspects on Aetiology, Diagnosis and Prognosis” in Genital Infections and Their Complictions, D Danielssen, L Jublin and PA Mardh, eds. Stockholm: Alqvist & Wiksell International, 1975. pp. 157-167.
• Chacko MR, Lovchik JC “Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Sexually active adolescents: prevalence and risk factors.” Pediatrics, 1984, 73(6):836-840.
• Tomarken J, “Digests: Among Teenagers Treated For Chlamydia, two-year reinfection rate nears 20%,” Family Planning Perspectives 33(3):135-136.
• Xu, et al. “Repeat Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women: analysis through a surveillance case registry in Washington State, 1993-1998.” American Journal of Epidemiology¸ 2000, 152(12):1164-1170.
• Remez L, “Digests: Independent predictors of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea do not identify adolescents at high risk for infection,” Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 31(2):101-102.
• Burstein GR, Gaydos CA, Diener-West M, Howell MR, Zenilman J, Quin TC. “Incident Chlamydia trachomatis infections among inner-city adolescent females,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 280:521-6.
• Burstein GR, et al., “Screening for gonorrhea and chlamydia by DNA amplification in adolescents attending middle school health centers: opportunity for early intervention,” Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1998, 25(8):395-402.
• Abma J, Driscoll A, Moore K, “Young Women’s Degree of Control over First Intercourse: An exploratory analysis, Family Planning Perspectives, 1998, 30(1):12-18.

• [20] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Federal Bureau of Investigation – Crimes Against Children Unit, “Online Child Pornography: Innocent Images National Initiative,” [online: www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/cac/innocent.htm] 3/27/2002.
• Ponton, Lynn The Sex Lives of Teenagers: Revealing the Secret World of Adolescent Boys and Girls, New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc., 2000. Ch. 5: “Coming and Going Online,” pp. 97-121, esp. pp. 118-121.

• [21] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Bengali S, “Sheriff catches pedophiles in Internet sting operation,” Kansas City Star, February 18, 2002.

• [22] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Alan Guttmacher Institute, Sex and America’s Teenagers, New York: Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1994. pp. 6-27.
• Finkelhor D, Sexually Victimized Children, New York: The Free Press, 1979. pp. 131-136.
• Finkelhor D, Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research, New York: The Free Press, 1984. pp. 8-13.

• [23] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Hsu G. “Statutory Rape: The dirty secret behind teen sex numbers,” Family Policy, 1996.
• Finkelhor, D. Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research, New York: The Free Press, 1986., ch. 1.
• Lammers C, Ireland M, Resnick M, Blum R. “Influences on Adolescents’ Decision to Postpone Onset of Sexual Intercourse: A Survival Analysis of Virginity Among Youths Aged 13 to 18 Years,” Journal of Adolescent Health, 2000, 26:42-48.
• National Research Council Panel on Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing, Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy and Childbearing, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1987. pp. 35-51, 86-93, 104-105.
• Editorial, “Missing Embrace: Life without Father,” Corpus Christi Caller Times, June 17, 2001.

• [24] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Pipher, Mary Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls, New York: Ballantine Books, 1995.
• Finkelhor D, Sexually Victimized Children, New York: The Free Press, 1979. pp. 25-30, 76-79.

• [25] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• National Research Council Panel on Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing, Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy and Childbearing, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1987. pp. 35-51, 104-105.
• Associated Press, “Student-teacher Sex Cases Go Unnoticed: Society Accepts Double Standard, Researchers Say,” Arizona Republic, June 10, 2002.
• Peterson, Karen, “Experts Debate Impact, Gray Areas of Adult-child Sex,” USA Today, April 16, 2002.

• [26] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Planned Parenthood tax filings for 1999.
• U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families. Child Maltreatment 1999. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001.
• Moore, K.A., Driscoll, A.K., Lindberg, L.D. A Statistical Portrait of Adolescent Sex, Contraception, and Childbearing. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 1998.
• The Alan Guttmacher Institute, “Facts In Brief: Contraceptive Services,” http://www.agi-usa.org.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “Youth Risk Behavior Survey 99, Version 2,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
• U.S. Census Bureau, American Fact Finder, Detailed Tables: P12: Sex By Age, P14: Sex By Age for the Population Under 20 Years, PCT12: Sex By Age, http://www.census.gov.

• [27] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Planned Parenthood Federation of America Annual Conference, 1997. Legal Issues – Looking Forward. Coast to Coast: Phoenix, AZ, November 13-15, 1997, Tape 5483.
• Planned Parenthood of the Greater Miami Valley, Sexual Abuse Resource Center, http://www.ppgmv.org/sarc.
• Planned Parenthood Federation of America, “Ask the Experts” and Index: “What Is Rape? Some Legal Definitions,” http://www.teenwire.com.
• Planned Parenthood of Connecticut, Inc., “Emergency Contraception,” http://ppct.org.
• Planned Parenthood Southeastern Pennsylvania, “Sex Sense: Ask Beth,” http://www.ppsp.org.
• Planned Parenthood Federation of America Annual Conference, 1995: Advocating For Teens. Nationwide Recording Services, Inc: Dallas, TX, November 2-5, 1995, P9.
• Donovan, Patricia, “Can Statutory Rape Laws Be Effective In Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy?,” Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(1):30-34, 40.
• Planned Parenthood Federation of America, “Fact Sheet: Reducing Teenage Pregnancy,” http://www.plannedparenthood.org.
• O’Donnell, Lydia, O’Donnell, Carl, Steuve, Ann, “Early Sexual Initiation and Subsequent Sex-Related Risks Among Urban Minority Youth: The Reach for Health Study,” Family Planning Perspectives, 2001, 33(6):268-275.
• Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Annual Conference, 1995. Every 15 Seconds: Stopping the Clock on Domestic Violence in our own Backyards. Nationwide Recording Services, Inc: Dallas, TX, November 2-5, 1995, P39.
• National Abortion Federation, 23rd Annual Meeting, 1999. Adolescent Sexuality: Current Development Theory. Professional Programs, Inc.: Santa Clarita, CA, April 25-27, 1999, 99NAF-6.
• Alan Guttmacher Institute and Henry J. Kaiser Foundation, Emerging Issues in Reproductive Health: A Briefing Series for Journalists, Q&A, Myth or Fact? The Real Deal On Teen Sexuality: How the Data – And Its “Spin” – Shape Policy and Programs, The Alan Guttmacher Institute: New York, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation: Menlo Park, CA, National Press Foundation: Washington D.C., March 11, 1998.
• National Abortion Federation, 16th Annual Meeting, 1992. Pre-Abortion Care: Counseling and Informed Consent. Resourceful Recordings: Carlsbad, CA, April 12-15, 1992, Tape 6-16.
• National Abortion Federation. Burdensome State Regulation of Abortion Clinics. NAF: Washington D.C., 1997.
• Donovan, Patricia, Figdor, Emily, Sonfield, Adam, “State Legislators in 1998: On Two Roads to Goal of ‘Prevention’,” The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy, 1999 2(1).
• Boyer, Debra, Fine, David, “Sexual Abuse as a Factor in Adolescent Pregnancy and Child Maltreatment,” Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):4-11, 19.

• [28] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• JLS v. Dr. JM, M.D. and GHI, Hennepin (MN) County District Court, File # 90-3303.
• MG v. Planned Parenthood of Minnesota, Inc. and Dr. Romil Valgemae, Hennepin (MN) County District Court, File # 90-09090.
• Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Annual Conference, 1997. Legal Issues – Looking Forward. Coast to Coast: Phoenix, AZ, November 13-15, 1997, Tape 5483.
• Montfort, Sue, Brick, Peggy. Unequal Partners, 2nd Edition. The Center for Family Life Education, Planned Parenthood of Greater Northern New Jersey, Inc.: Morristown, NJ, 2000.
• Donovan, Patricia, “Can Statutory Rape Laws Be Effective In Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy?,” Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(1):30-34.
• Nevada State Welfare Division, “Enforcing Statutory Rape Law in Nevada: Lesson Book,” Distance Education Option.
• National Abortion Federation 23rd Annual Meeting, 1999: Culturally Competent Abortion Counseling Services. Professional Programs, Inc.: Santa Clarita, CA, April 25-27, 1999, 99NAF-13.
• National Abortion Federation 23rd Annual Meeting, 1999: Barriers to Minor’s Access to Reproductive Healthcare. Professional Programs, Inc.: Santa Clarita, CA, April 25-27, 1999, 99NAF-14.

• [29] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Kaufmann, K. The Abortion Resource Handbook. Simon & Schuster: New York, NY, 1997.
• Montfort, Sue, Brick, Peggy. Unequal Partners, 2nd Edition. Morristown, NJ: The Center for Family Life Education, Planned Parenthood of Greater Northern New Jersey, Inc., 2000.
• Saul, Rebekah, “Teen pregnancy: Progress Meets Politics,” The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy, June 1999, 2:3. – response to parental involvement uses same arguments for stat rape.
• NARAL: Online Newsroom, “Mandatory Parental Involvement in Family Planning Services Threatens Minor’s Health,” http://www.naral.org. – response to parental involvement uses same arguments for stat rape.
• National Abortion Federation. Parental Involvement Laws: A Guide for Abortion Providers. NAF: Washington, D.C., October 1991.
• Planned Parenthood Federation of America, “Fact Sheet: Reducing Teenage Pregnancy,” http://www.plannedparenthood.org.
• New York Civil Liberties Union, “The Rights of Pregnant and Parenting Teens,” http://www.nyclu.org/rrp-rppt4.html.
• National Abortion Federation 17th Annual Meeting, 1993: Ensuring Women’s Health: Counseling the HIV Positive Client. Laconia, NH: Resourceful Recordings, April 25-28, 1993, 9-937.

• [30] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• U.S. Telephone Directories: Yellow Pages Ads.
• http://www.plannedparenthoodosbc.com/teen/bulletinboard2.html.

• [31] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Finkelhor, David. Sexually Victimized Children. The Free Press: New York, 1979.
• Nevada State Welfare Division, “Enforcing Statutory Rape Law in Nevada: Lesson Book,” Distance Education Option.
• American Psychological Association, Inc. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, March/June 1998, v.116.
• Peters-Baker, Jean, “Challenging Traditional Notions of Managing Sex Offenders: Prognosis is Lifetime Management,” University of Missouri at Kansas City Law Review, Spring 1998.

• [32] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. Responsible Choices: 1997-98 Annual Report.

• [33] – Click here to return to the Special Report on Child Predators
• Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. Responsible Choices: 1997-98 Annual Report.
• Planned Parenthood Federation of America, tax filings for 1999.