A factual analysis reveals a modern-day America that is much closer to a
European socialist-style economy than to a capitalist frontier.
A mantra heard from Western European socialists and American
progressives is that a political economy of frontier-style, “cowboy
capitalism” runs amok across the fruited plains of the United States.
Based on this ideological view of the U.S. business environment, one
would think that a pro-market, libertarian utopia existed in America,
unfettered by the visible hand of government. The reality, however, is
quite different. When one evaluates the data on: 1) federal business
regulation, 2) federal and state government subsidies, 3) corporate
taxation, and 4) the level of “economic freedom” that exists in the
United States, the palette paints an economic landscape with much
greater government interference in business than the myth of “cowboy
capitalism” would suggest. A factual analysis of these four areas
reveals a modern-day America that is much closer to a European
socialist-style economy – like Germany, Denmark, or Sweden – than to a
capitalist frontier. And by some measures of government intervention,
the United States is actually much more “European” than any country in
Europe today.
Business Regulation
When it comes to tracking spending by American businesses on federal
regulatory compliance, there is no formal administrative process in
place. Instead, there are proxies that are used to measure indicators of
growth or decline in regulatory activity and spending, such as the
number of pages printed annually in the Federal Register (including the
number of major new regulations), and the fiscal year budgets of federal
regulatory agencies. As we document below, there has been a significant
increase in the federal regulatory burden on U.S. businesses, a
disturbing trend that is inconsistent with a narrative of "cowboy
capitalism" in America.
The Code of Federal Regulations (established in 1938) is where all
the administrative rules of U.S. federal agencies are compiled; American
businesses, employees, and consumers must comply with these rules. To
provide perspective on the growth of the U.S. regulatory state, the
Federal Register, in its first volume, published in 1936, contained
2,620 pages. In 2012, in its 77th volume, the Federal Register contained
77,249 pages – an increase of 2,848 percent. The past decade was the
Federal Register’s most prolific, with an annual average volume of
75,413 pages.
State and local governments offer up to $80.4 billion in business subsidies each year.
While most of that decade encompasses the George W. Bush era of
“cowboy capitalism,” President Obama holds the record for the most
plentiful consecutive two years (2010 and 2011) of pages published in
Federal Register history, with 81,405 pages and 81,247 pages during
these years, respectively.
Moreover, according to James L. Gattuso and Diane Katz of the
Heritage Foundation, “major” regulations, i.e., those administrative
rules that have an expected economic impact of at least $100 million
annually, totaled 106 during the first three years of the Obama
administration (for a total estimated regulatory cost of $46 billion per
year), versus 28 major regulations during the first three years of the
Bush administration (for a total estimated regulatory cost of $8.1
billion per year). During the Obama administration’s second term,
hundreds of new administrative rules will be finalized under the
Affordable Care Act and Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform statutes.
Not surprisingly, developing, implementing, and enforcing these many
additional administrative rules annually via the Code of Federal
Regulations requires that federal agencies be funded. Susan Dudley of
the George Washington University Regulatory Studies Center and Melinda
Warren of the Weidenbaum Center on the Economy, Government, and Public
Policy at Washington University in St. Louis, have estimated the annual
spending by federal regulatory agencies. They found that total spending
by regulatory agencies on social and economic regulations (in constant
2005 dollars) increased from $2.7 billion in fiscal year 1960 to an
estimated $51.6 billion in fiscal 2012 – a 1,700 percent increase in
regulatory agency spending in the last half century. Of the $51.6
billion in spending by regulatory agencies last year, $42.4 billion
(82.2 percent) was allocated for social regulations related to health,
safety, security, and the environment, while $9.2 billion (17.8 percent)
was budgeted for economic regulations targeted toward specific
industries (for example, price ceilings or floors, production quantity
restrictions, and service parameters). In terms of employment,
regulatory agencies employed 283,615 full-time federal employees
administering regulatory compliance in fiscal 2012, which represents
nearly a five-fold and 397 percent increase from 57,109 full-time
federal employees in fiscal 1960.
Administrative rules that have an expected
economic impact of at least $100 million annually totaled 106 during
the first three years of the Obama administration.
What is clear from the explosive growth in America’s regulatory
burden – measured by the significant increases in pages of regulatory
rules at the federal level, spending by regulatory agencies, and the
number of federal employees administering regulations – is that the
notion of a “cowboy capitalist” America with minimal regulatory
interference from the federal government is clearly inaccurate.
Federal and State Government Subsidies
Government subsidies to firms or industries, also pejoratively known
as “corporate welfare,” may take the form of a tax allowance, cash
grant, low-interest or guaranteed loan, or a regulatory assist, all used
to support a politically desired economic activity that is allegedly
more than offset by social-welfare benefits. Subsidies are granted to
reduce the market price of a product below its production cost, often
for the purpose of keeping domestic products competitive against
comparable imported products or to correct supposed market failures.
Federal government subsidies include, for example, the ethanol excise
tax credit, also called the “blenders credit,” a 45-cent-per-gallon tax
credit that was available until 2011 to those fuel blenders that
combined a gallon of pure ethanol with gasoline. The U.S. Government
Accountability Office calculated that this ethanol excise tax credit
cost taxpayers $5.7 billion in 2011 alone. Furthermore, a wide variety
of federal grants, loan guarantees, tax accounting allowances, credits,
exemptions, deductions, depreciation, and other beneficial tax
incentives exist for energy and eco-friendly businesses, many of them
authorized in the Energy Policy Act of 2005, the Enhanced Energy
Security Act of 2006, and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of
2009. To place the impact of business subsidies in context, Tad DeHaven,
a budget analyst for the Cato Institute, identified $98 billion of
direct and indirect business subsidies to small businesses, large
corporations, and industry organizations in the 2012 federal budget.
The United States has the distinction of
burdening its private businesses with the highest corporate income tax
rate in the developed world.
State government subsidies often parallel those offered by the
federal government. In December 2012, the New York Times presented a
series of articles, written by Louise Story, Tiff Fehr, and Derek
Watkins, under the rubric “The United States of Subsidies.” The Times
found that state and local governments offer up to $80.4 billion in
business subsidies each year, including 1,874 separate programs and
approximately 157,000 grants. Furthermore, the Times staffers identified
48 companies that have received more than $100 million in state grants
since 2007. These lucky recipients span the spectrum of major companies
and industries, and include manufacturers (General Motors, Dow Chemical,
and Procter & Gamble), energy conglomerates (Royal Dutch Shell,
Anadarko Petroleum, and Marathon Petroleum), information technology
firms (Amazon and Microsoft), entertainment-related firms (Ryman
Hospitality Properties and Revel Entertainment) and major retailers
(Sears).
It appears that General Motors – which has received $1.7 billion in
local and state government subsidies since 2007 – and other auto
manufacturers have been adept at playing one local government entity
against another when negotiating for larger subsidies, then pulling out
when market conditions alter a few years later. Once again, the reality
of massive federal and state subsidies to private companies should
dispel the myth of a “cowboy capitalist” system where American companies
engage in “Wild West,” free market competition without relying on
government assistance, subsidies, or “corporate welfare.”
Corporate Taxes
Contrary to its mythical “cowboy capitalist” reputation, the United
States has the distinction of burdening its private businesses with the
highest corporate income tax rate in the developed world. According to
the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the
U.S. statutory corporate income tax rate was 39.2 percent in 2012.
Further, America’s corporate tax rate last year was almost 14 percentage
points higher than the simple average corporate tax rate of 25.4
percent for the 34 OECD countries, and almost 7 percentage points higher
than the 32.4 percent OECD average tax rate weighted by gross domestic
product.
By some measures of government
intervention, the United States is actually much more ‘European’ than
any country in Europe today.
It wasn’t always the case that America’s corporate tax rate was so
much higher than those of other developed countries. For instance, from
1987 to 1998, the U.S. corporate tax rate was actually below the OECD
weighted average. But then the United States started falling behind.
Since 2000, almost all OECD countries (31 out of 34) have lowered their
tax rates to become more competitive internationally and to attract and
retain businesses, and some of those tax rate reductions have been
significant. For example, Germany cut its rate almost in half, from 56
percent in 1998 to 30.2 percent in 2008; Ireland cut its tax rate by
more than half in just a few years, from 32 percent in 1998 to 12.5
percent in 2003; and Canada reduced its corporate tax rate 13 times in
the last 14 years, bringing its rate from almost 43 percent in 1998 to
only 26.1 percent last year.
While America’s corporate tax rate has remained almost unchanged at
around 39 percent for the past two decades, the OECD average statutory
corporate tax rate has fallen in 16 out of the last 20 years, and from
40.7 percent in 1998 to 32.4 percent last year. Therefore, while almost
all other OECD countries have lowered their statutory corporate tax
rates over the last several decades to become more competitive and
attract and retain multinational corporations, the United States has not
kept pace with the developed world. It is worth noting that all of the
OECD countries that are most frequently associated with “European-style
socialism,” including France, Belgium, Germany, and Sweden, have lower
corporate tax rates than “cowboy capitalist” America.
An important issue regarding corporate tax burdens is the distinction
between the “statutory tax rate” discussed above and the “effective tax
rate” that more accurately reflects the tax burden that corporations
actually face. In a 2011 special report by the Tax Foundation (“U.S.
Corporations Suffer High Effective Tax Rates by International
Standards”), researchers surveyed almost two dozen studies and found
that “by every available measure, the U.S. imposes a very high tax
burden on its corporate sector in comparison to other nations, even
after credits and deductions are considered.” Specifically, the Tax
Foundation concluded that U.S.-headquartered corporations face an
effective corporate tax rate of about 28 percent (based on the average
of more than a dozen separate studies’ estimates), which is 7.6
percentage points above the average effective tax rate of 20.3 percent
in the other countries studied.
A wide variety of federal grants, loan
guarantees, tax accounting allowances, credits, exemptions, deductions,
depreciation, and other beneficial tax incentives exist for energy and
eco-friendly businesses.
The Tax Foundation’s main conclusion is that the tax burden imposed
on American corporations – both the statutory corporate tax rate and the
effective corporate tax rate – is among the highest in the world. In
other words, the “capitalist cowboys” running America’s corporations are
taxed at much higher rates than their international counterparts
abroad, and would eagerly trade America’s high tax burden for the tax
burden in the “European socialist” countries like Germany, Finland,
Denmark, and Sweden.
Economic Freedom
If America’s “cowboy capitalist” reputation was accurate, we would
expect that reputation to be reflected in high scores for the United
States on several different measures of economic freedom. And yet, by
two separate indexes that track the economic freedom for countries
around the world, the United States has gone from among the most
economically free countries in the world in the 1980s and 1990s to the
10th most free country in 2013 by one measure (the Heritage Foundation)
and all the way down to No. 19 in 2010 by another index (the Cato
Institute).
Specifically, the economic freedom indexes of the Heritage Foundation
and the Cato Institute measure the degree of economic freedom in broad
areas that include: a) regulation, b) openness to international trade,
c) property rights and the rule of law, and d) the size of government.
In January 2013, the Heritage Foundation reported that economic
freedom in the United States declined for the fifth straight year, and
its economic freedom score of 76 (out of a maximum of 100) was the
lowest since the year 2000. Even though it ranked No. 10 in the world
for economic freedom in 2013, the U.S. score was 8.5 points below the
84.5 average economic freedom index score for the group of countries
ranked as “free economies.” Further, the United States is now
economically less free than European countries like Denmark and
Switzerland, and just barely ahead of Ireland, the United Kingdom,
Luxembourg, and Finland.
It is important to note that many “socialist” countries like Sweden
and Germany are getting more economically free over time, while the
United States becomes less economically free. For example, Sweden ranked
55th in economic freedom in 1996, when the United States ranked fifth.
Since then, Sweden has steadily increased its economic freedom and now
ranks 18th, while the United States has steadily declined to 10th place.
Similarly, Canada ranked below the United States for economic freedom
from 1996 to 2009, but for the last four years Canada has ranked above
its neighbor, and the gap widened in almost every year. In its report,
the Heritage Foundation commented that America’s “dynamic
entrepreneurial growth is stifled by ever-more-bloated government and a
trend toward cronyism that erodes the rule of law.”
In its 77th volume, the Federal Register contained 77,249 pages – an increase of 2,848 percent.
The findings of the Heritage Foundation are supported by the Cato
Institute’s 2012 report on economic freedom. In 2010, the U.S. economic
freedom index score fell to 7.70 (out of 10), the country’s lowest score
in the history of the index back to 1980, and the U.S. world ranking
fell to No. 19, the lowest ranking in the history of the Cato report.
According to Cato, “The United States, long considered the standard
bearer for economic freedom among large industrial nations, has
experienced a substantial decline in economic freedom during the past
decade. From 1980 to 2000, the United States was generally rated the
third-freest economy in the world, ranking behind only Hong Kong and
Singapore. The chain-linked ranking of the United States has fallen
precipitously from second in 2000 to eighth in 2005 and 19th in 2010.”
In summary, economic freedom in the United States has been steadily
declining for at least a decade based on two different statistical
measures. According to the Cato report, the United States is
economically less free than countries like Denmark and Finland that are
considered to be typical European welfare states, and the United States
is even economically less free than Middle Eastern countries like
Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar, which historically have
not been considered anywhere close to the United States in terms of
economic freedom.
The Future of American Capitalism
The historical trends of the last decade show that when it comes to
the regulation of American business operations, the direct involvement
of government in providing subsidies to specific industries, and the
level of federal taxation of corporate income, the “cowboy capitalism”
moniker applied to the U.S. political economy is more myth than fact. To
the extent that America may have deserved the distinction of being a
“cowboy capitalist” nation in the 1980s, that distinction has clearly
changed in recent years as economic freedom in the United States has
suffered a steep decline since the turn of the millennium.
And what would it take for the United States to regain its ranking
among the world’s most “free” economies? According to Heritage, it “will
require significant policy reforms, particularly in reducing the size
of government, overhauling the tax system, transforming costly
entitlement programs, and streamlining regulations.” Those are serious
fiscal and institutional challenges that realistically could take
several decades to successfully address, suggesting that any significant
shift in the direction of a “freer” market economy and “cowboy
capitalism” would be generations away.
http://www.american.com/archive/2013/march/myths-of-american-cowboy-capitalism
